The Rockefeller, Andrews & Flagler partnership was formed with Flagler in control of Harkness' interest. But Standard Oil adapted, developing its own European presence, expanding into natural gas production in the U.S., then into gasoline for automobiles, which until then had been considered a waste product. [33] Ohio was especially vigorous in applying its state anti-trust laws, and finally forced a separation of Standard Oil of Ohio from the rest of the company in 1892, the first step in the dissolution of the trust. His half-sisters Mary Esther (16 y/o in 1830), Jane Augusta (14), and Caroline (3.5) were the daughters of his father's first two wives. Henry Morrison Flagler was an American industrialist and a founder of Standard Oil. Flagler completed the 1,100-room Royal Poinciana Hotel on the shores of Lake Worth in Palm Beach and extended his railroad to its service town, West Palm Beach, by 1894, founding Palm Beach and West Palm Beach. He is also known as a founder of the cities of Miami and Palm Beach, Florida. Visually exquisite, the Flagler Memorial Presbyterian Church was built by Henry Flagler in 1889. [1], Flagler was born in Hopewell, New York. Nine trustees, including Rockefeller, ran the 41 companies in the trust. Henry Morrison Flagler was born in Hopewell, New York on January 2nd, 1830 to Isaac Flagler and Elizabeth Caldwell Harkness Flagler. St. Augustine, FL: The St. Augustine Historical Society. Two years later, Flagler built the Palm Beach Inn (renamed The Breakers in 1901), overlooking the Atlantic Ocean in Palm Beach. Two years later, he expanded his Florida holdings. In January of 1870 at the age of 40, Flagler officially co-founded Standard Oil alongside John D. Rockefeller. If Smith could raise $50,000, Flagler would invest $150,000 and they would build a hotel together. [43], When Flagler's first wife Mary (ne Harkness) fell sick, his physician recommended they travel to Jacksonville for the winter to escape the brutal conditions of the North. But in the aftermath of that battle, in 1879 the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania indicted Flagler and Rockefeller on charges of monopolizing the oil trade, starting an avalanche of similar court proceedings in other states and making a national issue of Standard Oil's business practices. Graham, Thomas. Flagler and Rockefeller eventually prevailed and the railroad sold all its oil interests to Standard. In 1913, Henry Flagler passed away after breaking his hip falling down a staircase at Whitehall. They were rightfully concerned about allowing a wildly wealthy individual to have that much control over the public works of St. Augustine. Played by Tom Amandes. As our little daughter is only 8 month old we wanted to provide her a sheltered place to sit in in the 25 degrees and we wanted to visit the house while we swap over looking after her as . After construction for the Ponce de Leon and the Alcazar were underway in St. Augustine, Flagler's railroad properties started to expand southwards. That craze mounted when two months later, Flagler filed for divorce in Dade County and was granted such on August 13th, 1901. Over the course of her marriage to Henry Flagler, Ida Alice Shourds is reported to have begun displaying unstable behavior she was rumored to have a temper, and her fondness for lavish parties and attention did not go unnoticed by Gilded Age Society. [27] In spite of the formation of the trust and its perceived immunity from all competition, by the 1880s Standard Oil had passed its peak of power over the world oil market. In Bellevue he courted and married his step-uncle's (Lamon Harkness) second daughter, Mary Harkness, November 9, 1853. To add to the tragic circumstances, her baby daughter also died. Flamingo Visitor Center is 24 miles away. By the end of the 1870s, Standard was refining over 90% of the oil in the U.S.[15], In 1877, Standard clashed with Thomas A. Scott the president of the Pennsylvania Railroad, its chief hauler. Mary Flagler Cary (1901-1967) was the daughter of Harry Harkness Flagler, and granddaughter of Henry Morrison Flagler, one of the founders of Standard Oil. Also, on July 28, 2006, a statue of Flagler was unveiled on the southeast steps of Miami's Dade County Courthouse, located on Miami's Flagler Street. He was a founder of Standard Oil. Harry, her son, was eleven years old. Rather than try to influence the price of crude oil directly, Standard Oil had been exercising indirect control by altering oil storage charges to suit market conditions. "Our Own Riviera," Harper's New Monthly Magazine. You see, demand for salt had risen with the beginning of the war it was necessary for the preservation of food for the troops. He never recovered and died in Palm Beach of his injuries on May 20, 1913 at 83 years of age. [33], Upon his ascent to the presidency, Theodore Roosevelt initiated dozens of suits under the Sherman Antitrust Act and coaxed reforms out of Congress. Flagler commissioned the architects and builders of his other St. Augustine buildings to create the Venetian Renaissance Revival style . Together, the boys worked in the Harkness store for several years, where Henry eventually became a part of their sales staff. Henry Flagler's most monumental accomplishment was realized only a year before he died. (2022). It supplied kerosene by tank cars that brought the fuel to local markets, and tank wagons then delivered to retail customers, thus bypassing the existing network of wholesale jobbers. Both of Henry's parents had been married previously. The land owners were Julia Tuttle, whom he had met in Cleveland, Ohio, and William Brickell, who ran a trading post on the Miami River. University Press of Florida. After his first wife's death, Flagler developed a . The year was 1885, the month was April and things were just getting started. Several years later, in 1870, their only son, Henry Harkness Flagler, was born. [7] The partnership eventually grew into the Standard Oil Corporation. She was the mother of his three children. Flagler's stepbrother Stephen V. Harkness invested $100,000 (equivalent to $1.94million in 2021[6]) on the condition that Flagler be made a partner. During the early 1880s, Flagler outsourced the care of young Harry to his half-sister Carrie and daughter Jennie Louise. VisitStAugustine.com. Gainesville, FL. Henry Morrison Flagler (1830-1913) built this church to the glory of God as a memorial to his daughter, Jennie Louise Flagler Benedict, who passed away as a result of childbirth in 1889. Showing 1-6 of 6. (To get a first-hand account of the journey from New York to St. Augustine, visit our page on Constance Fenimore Woolson's article "The Ancient City In Two Parts," which was published in Harper's New Monthly Magazine in 1874.). So, the Flagler family (Henry, Mary, little Harry, Jennie, and her first husband, John Arthur Hinckley) spent the winter of 1877-1878 in St. Augustine. This is somewhat my case. First, Dr. Anderson worked through the bureaucracy to get Flagler approval to fill in the marshland that was west of the original town plan. It seems that if too many limits had been placed on Henry Flagler's projects, St. Augustine would not be the city we know today. In the early 1900s Flagler, affiliated with John D. Rockefeller in the Standard Oil Company, conceived and oversaw the construction of the Florida Keys Over-Sea Railroad, paving . Finally, Dan Harkness (7 perhaps Henry's favorite sibling), was Henry's mother's son from her first husband. In 1885 he decided to build a luxury hotel there which would attract the country's elite. Carrie died at the age of 3. Henry Morrison Flagler (January 2, 1830 - May 20, 1913) was an American industrialist and a founder of Standard Oil, which was first based in Ohio. After a few short weeks, the family all moved back to New York, much to the detriment of Mary Harkness Flagler's health, which got progressively worse in the coming years. [citation needed], Flagler's third wife, Mary Lily Kenan Flagler Bingham was born in North Carolina. July, 1975. pg. Franklin W. Smith had just finished building Villa Zorayda and Flagler offered to buy it for his honeymoon. "[57][58], According to historian Joe Knetsch, reformers and muckrakers exaggerated charges of peonage regarding construction of the Florida East Coast Railway in 1893 to 1909. Indeed, Flagler's second sojourn to St. Augustine went off without a hitch the recently constructed San Marco hotel accommodated him and Ida Alice well, and he found himself to be amongst peers instead of invalids. According to Florida historian Thomas Graham in his book The Awakening of St. Augustine, an acquaintance of the businessman once inquired about whether his judgment was sound when he decided to invest in Florida (one can imagine that they may not have been acquaintances for very long afterward). While in this state he met his good pastor, to whom, being soundly upbraided for his condition, he replied, 'I've been giving all my days to the Lord hitherto, and now I'm taking one for myself. His mother, the widowed Elizabeth Caldwell (Morrison) Harkness, had brought two sons to the marriage with Flagler from her previous marriage to widower Dr. David Harkness of Milan, Ohio. Flagler also met one Dr. Andrew Anderson, who would almost immediately become a lifelong partner and friend. She left the millions she inherited to members of her family and to the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Henry Flagler: A Man of Big Dreams Henry Flagler was born on January 2, 1830. . To get a more in-depth narrative of the life of that building complex, visit The Ponce de Leon Hotel's Historical Place profile on our website. Through this business, Flagler became acquainted with John D. Rockefeller, who worked as a commission agent with Hewitt and Tuttle for the Harkness Grain Company. [citation needed], The Overseas Railroad, also known as the Key West Extension of the Florida East Coast Railway, was heavily damaged and partially destroyed in the Labor Day Hurricane of 1935. As a gift to Kenan, Flagler built Whitehall, a 55-room winter getaway in Palm Beach. Flagler divorced Shourds in 1901 and just 10 days later married Mary Lily Kenan. These included, among many others, Continental Oil, which became Conoco, now part of ConocoPhillips; Standard of Indiana, which became Amoco, now part of BP; Standard of California, which became Chevron; Standard of New Jersey, which became Esso (and later, Exxon), now part of ExxonMobil; Standard of New York, which became Mobil, now part of ExxonMobil; and Standard of Ohio, which became Sohio, now part of BP. [53], On August 24, 1901, 10 days after his divorce, Flagler married Mary Lily at her family's plantation, Liberty Hall, and the couple soon moved into their new Palm Beach estate, Whitehall, a 55-room beaux arts home designed by the New York-based firm of Carrre and Hastings, which also had designed the New York Public Library and the Pan-American Exposition. [52] A spouse's mental incapacity was later restored by the legislature as a grounds for dissolution of marriage, and remains the law of Florida today. [25] The "trust" was a corporation of corporations, and the entity's size and wealth drew much attention. PROLOGUE: In 1844, Henry Flagler dropped out of school. 0:58. In an overall calculation of America's oil refineries' assets and capital, Standard Oil surpassed all. It was Henry M. Flagler and Rockefeller then decided to issue certificates against oil stored in Standard Oil's pipelines. Along with the Ponce de Leon Hotel complex (which included four buildings in total), Flagler was also spending money on the construction of several other projects, including an estate for himself and his second wife, Ida Alice Flagler. [39] According to Allan Nevins, in John D. Rockefeller (p 292), "Standard Oil was born as a big enterprise, it had cut its teeth as a partnership and was now ready to plunge forward into a period of greater expansion and development. The Awakening of Saint Augustine: The Anderson Family and the Oldest City: 1821-1924. Despite her frail health, though, she was the only one of Henry Flagler's three wives to bear him any children. The baby, named Margery, died when she was only a few hours old. The Bingham-Flagler marriage (and questions about her death or possible murder) figured prominently in several books that appeared in the 1980s, when the Bingham family sold the newspaper in the midst of great acrimony. However, this building's history is tragic and short. 3 episodes. In 1901, U.S. Steel, now controlled by J. Pierpont Morgan, having bought Andrew Carnegie's steel assets, offered to buy Standard's iron interests as well. Their estate was called Kirkside and was built west of the Ponce de Leon property. Imagine how many different perspectives a group of people can have about the same topic. Flagler is quoted to have responded thusly: "There was once a good church member who had always lived a correct life until well advanced in years. [citation needed], When looking back at Flagler's life, after Flagler's death, George W. Perkins, of J.P. Morgan & Co., reflected, "But that any man could have the genius to see of what this wilderness of waterless sand and underbrush was capable and then have the nerve to build a railroad here, is more marvelous than similar development anywhere else in the world. Henry is originated from United States. They had two daughters, Jennie Louise and Carrie. Nothing major just language that "[made] incurable insanity a ground for divorce.". Through his work with the Harkness company, Henry Flagler made the acquaintance of John D. Rockefeller. At least, not yet. By 1880, according to the New York World, Standard Oil was "the most cruel, impudent, pitiless, and grasping monopoly that ever fastened upon a country. Flagler controlled a vast fortune, which he earned by buying out small oil refineries and creating a monopoly with Standard Oil. [26], Its vast American empire included 20,000 domestic wells, 4,000 miles of pipeline, 5,000 tank cars, and over 100,000 employees. He was also a key figure in the development of the Atlantic coast of Florida and founder of the Florida East Coast Railway. Cleveland became very well known for oil refining, as, "More and more crude oil was shipped from the oil regions to Cleveland for the refining process because of transportation facilities and the aggressiveness of the refiners there. During this time he worked to pay back his stepbrother. He became known as the Father of Miami, Florida. Augustine. From there on out, Dr. Anderson was a major supporter and confidant of Henry Flagler, often acting as his business liaison in St. Augustine when Flagler was out of town. "[55], Flagler allegedly used convicts leased from Florida prison camps, the majority of them African-American, to clear land for the Royal Palm Hotel in Miami and to build the Florida East Coast Railway from West Palm Beach to Miami and the rail extension to Key West. There, they were both given work by Lamon Harkness, who was the brother of Dan's late father. The couple traveled to St. Augustine, Florida, which they . He was also a key figure in the development of the Atlantic coast of Florida and founder of the Florida East Coast Railway. whereas said Henry M. Flagler has recently lost by death a beloved daughter and in affectionate remembrance of her has been desirous of erecting some worthy monument to her Memory and believing that nothing should be more accordant with her known wishes and the tenor of her life on earth than that such Memorial should be a temple devoted to the worship of God and the teaching of that living faith in which she lived and died has erected in the City of St. Augustine a church edifice in loving . As you go through the . He even owned newspapers in Florida. She married Melbert Cary in 1923, and they lived in New York City and Millbrook, NY. He found that salt mining required more technical knowledge than he had and struggled in the industry during the Civil War. At age 23, Flagler married the daughter of the owner, Mary Harkness (Wright . Henry Morrison Flagler was born in 1830 into humble circumstances, his father a Presbyterian minister. Within six years, Henry was earning enough money to purchase a showy Victorian house in Bellevue. (2022) "Historical Person Profile: Henry Flagler." Although not much is known about Ida Alice Flagler, many sources claim she became fond of opulent parties and leisurely pursuits that were available to the fabulously wealthy. . Henry Flagler's first visit to Florida was in the winter of 1878-9. "Henry M. Flagler's Hotel Ponce de Len.". Commander John Flagler, USN. Those first two seasons during which Flagler hosted an innumerable amount of parties, electric light displays, and opulent dinners (all of which were accompanied by music from the best musicians of the time) were met with eager approval by guests and the press. The voyage was harrowing and long northern tourists traveled by railroad, steamship, and mule-driven omnibus. Please disable your ad blocker to view the video content. University Press of Florida. Timeline Sources cited Graham, T. (2014) Mr. Flagler's St. Augustine (A Florida Quincentennial Book). [64], On February 24, 2006, a statue of Flagler was unveiled in Key West near the spot where the Over-Sea Railroad once terminated. Layton, 33001, United States of America - Excellent location - show map. The case can be made that Flagler was the intellectual genius who devised both the overall concepts and the details of the company policies and programs that turned Standard Oil into the most feared, powerful, and profitable company of the 19th and early . "Historical Person Profile: Henry Flagler." 1-17. Barely any of Ida Alice's personal writings have survived, so there is a major piece of the puzzle missing. "[59], In March 1913, Flagler fell down a flight of marble stairs at Whitehall. He was also a key figure in the development of the eastern coast of Florida along the Atlantic Ocean and was founder of what became the Florida East Coast Railway. He is also known as a founder of the cities of Miami and Palm Beach, Florida. His wife, Mary Harkness, had never been of robust health; she had borne three children. His attention was consumed by the business of his hotel chains and expanding railroad empire. Mary Lily outlived her first husband, Henry Flagler and inherited his huge fortune, married again three years later, and died under suspicious circumstances at aged fifty. "[24], At that time, many legislatures had made it difficult to incorporate in one state and operate in another. Flagler's second wife, the former Ida Alice Shourds, was declared insane[50] by Flagler's friend Dr. Anderson in 1896 and was institutionalized on and off starting that year. See more ideas about flagler, key west, florida. Flagler and Rockefeller had envisioned the use of pipelines as an alternative transport system for oil and began a campaign to build and acquire them. "[27] Over time foreign competition and new finds abroad eroded his dominance. He also used labor agencies to bring around 4,000 new immigrants to Florida who contracted to work until their transportation costs had been paid off. He himself is located to the side of them. After the death of Flagler's eldest daughter he made it his goal to create the magnificent sanctuary. The top-ranked Kenan-Flagler Business School at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill is named for Flagler and his wife, who was an early benefactor of UNC along with her family and descendants. [citation needed], Needing capital for his new venture, Rockefeller approached Flagler in 1867. Melbert Cary died in 1941, and after his death Mary continued to divide her. Henry started spending a great deal more time in Florida, soon claiming the state as his permanent residence. Mary Harkness Flagler was the sweet, unpretentious first wife of Henry. Their only son was born in 1870. The hotel, the Ponce de Leon, was a success. [13] Eventually, even former antagonists Pratt and Rogers saw the futility of continuing to compete against Standard Oil: in 1874, they made a secret agreement with their old nemesis to be acquired. "Flagler's Magnificent Hotel Ponce de Leon," FL: The Florida Historical Quarterly, Issue 54, Volume 1. By the mid-1860s, Cleveland had become the center of the oil refining industry in America and Rockefeller left the grain business to start his own oil refinery. Today, when you ask someone if they know about Henry Flagler, they are likely to answer with a shake of their head and a shrug. However, much to Flagler's chagrin, he had no legal grounds to be granted a divorce from Alice in New York or Florida. Sets with similar terms swee1122 "[56], A congressional investigation in 1909 concluded that "there had been little immigrant peonage in the South and none in the [railway camps] camps in the Keys. 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